One. Voltage: potential difference between the two poles as the battery voltage. There are nominal (rated) voltage, open circuit voltage, charge termination (cut-off) voltage and the discharge end
(Cut-off) voltage, the actual voltage. Just the factory battery, Toshiba Satellite 1000 Ac Adapter, the positive and negative electrical potential difference between the nominal voltage as the battery. Nominal voltage electrode from the electrode material
Potential and electrolyte concentration of the internal decision. When the ambient temperature, the use of time and work status changes, the unit of a slight change in the output voltage of the battery, in addition, electricity
Cell output voltage and battery power is left there is a certain relationship.

Nominal voltage of the battery used are:
Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4): 3.2V Li-Ion / Lithium Polymer (Li-ion/Lipo): 3.7V
Lithium manganese oxide (Li2MnO4): 3.7V ternary material (Ternary Material): 3.2V
Alkaline carbon column (LR / R_P): 1.5V alkaline button (AG): 1.5V
Lithium button column (CR): 3.0V lithium thionyl chloride (ER): 3.6V

The battery is fully charged, the voltage just as the open circuit voltage; battery fully charged, Toshiba Satellite 1000 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Satellite 1600 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Satellite 1800 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Satellite 5000 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Satellite A10 Ac Adapter, the most active substances board has reached the saturation point, and then continue charging
The battery voltage does not rise, then known as the charge termination voltage of the voltage. Actually measured the battery voltage as the actual voltage.

Nickel-cadmium battery charge termination voltage of 1.75 ~ 1.8V; lithium-ion battery charge termination voltage of 4.25V;
Ni-MH battery charge termination voltage of 1.5V; lithium polymer battery charge termination voltage of 4.25V;

Discharge the battery termination voltage is the minimum allowable discharge voltage. Toshiba Satellite 1600 Ac Adapter, If the voltage is lower than the discharge termination voltage to the battery to discharge, the battery voltage at both ends
Decreased rapidly, the formation of deep discharge, so that the resultant formation of plates in the normal charge is not easy to be recovered, thus affecting the battery life. Discharge termination
Voltage and discharge rate related. Direct impact on the discharge current discharge termination voltage. Termination of the required discharge voltage, discharge current increases, the battery capacity is smaller.

Nickel-cadmium battery discharge termination voltage is generally in the 1.0V-1.1V; lithium-ion battery discharge termination voltage of 3.0V
Ni-MH battery discharge termination voltage is generally defined as 1V; lithium polymer battery discharge termination voltage of 3.0V

II. Current: battery charging current is usually expressed by the charging rate C, C is the battery nominal (rated) capacity. For example, a 1Ah battery charge current on the 2A
Electricity, charging rate is 2C; Similarly, with 2A current on the 500mAh battery, the charging rate is 4C.

III. Capacity: The battery is fully charged after a certain discharge conditions, the release to the required termination voltage, the battery's total capacity as the battery release of the nominal (rated) capacity.
Battery capacity is usually Ah (ampere hour), said, 1Ah is able to 1A of current discharge for 1 hour. Active substances within the cell number of the battery cell battery with the decision
Of charge, while the content of active substances from battery materials and volume decisions, usually the larger battery size, capacity is higher.

IV. Resistance: the battery internal resistance depends on the plate resistance and the impedance of ion flow. In the charge-discharge process,Toshiba Satellite 1800 Ac Adapter, the resistance of the plate is constant, but the ion flow resistance
Resistance will change with the electrolyte concentration changes and changes of charged ions.

Five. Category:
1. By the appearance of: Park is divided into columnar, square, button, shaped, combination type.
2. According to the frequency of use: including a battery (not reusable, such as batteries,Toshiba Satellite 1000 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Satellite 1600 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Satellite 1800 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Satellite 5000 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Satellite A10 Ac Adapter, etc), rechargeable battery (many charge cycles can be used, such as nickel hydrogen ion, etc.).
3. According to materials: nickel cadmium into nickel hydrogen, lithium ion lithium polymer, carbon alkaline, lithium thionyl chloride, silver oxide, lead-acid batteries.

VI. Memory effect: Ni-MH Ni-Cd batteries in use, if not fully discharged battery began to charge, discharge, next time, we can not release all the power
Volume. For example, nickel-cadmium battery only after the release of 80% of the electricity starts charging, fully charged, the battery can only emit 80% of the electricity, a phenomenon known as the nickel-metal hydride
Nickel-cadmium battery memory effect. Memory effect can be used to eliminate many of the over-discharge.

VII. Series / parallel: When the battery pack in series, the voltage is superimposed, the same capacity; when the battery pack in parallel, the capacity of superposition, the voltage change.

VIII. Charging and charging methods:
The battery charging process can generally be divided into pre-charge, Toshiba Satellite 5000 Ac Adapter, fast charge, top-up charge, trickle charge four stages.

Long-term unused or new battery, the first to use fast charging, it will affect battery life. Thus, the battery should be with a small current
Charging, charging to meet certain conditions, this stage is called pre-charge.

Fast charging is to use high-current charging, the battery power quickly restored. Fast charge rate is generally more than 1C, fast charge time and charge the battery capacity
Electric rate decision.

In order to avoid over charging, the charger uses a number of small current charge. Ni-MH rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries properly, you can accept the charging rate of C/10 or lower,
This charging time to 10 hours or more. The use of small current charge, the battery will not produce too much gas, the battery temperature will not be too high. As long as the battery received
Charger, the low rate constant current battery charger can provide a small trickle charge current. The heat generated within the battery can be naturally dispersed.

Fast charge constant current charging and pulse charging sub-two, constant-current charge is a constant current to the current charging, pulse charging is the first use of pulse current on
Battery charging, and then let the battery discharge, and so on. Great battery pulse amplitude, width very narrow. Discharge pulse amplitude usually charge about 3 times the pulse
Although the amplitude of the pulse discharge on the battery capacity, but,Toshiba Satellite 1000 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Satellite 1600 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Satellite 1800 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Satellite 5000 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Satellite A10 Ac Adapter, with the ratio of charging current amplitude remained unchanged.

Ended with some of the fast charging method, the fast charge termination, the battery is not fully charged. Filled in order to ensure 100% of the electricity, make up the charge should be added
Process. Make up the charging rate of not more than 0.3C. Make up the charge in the process, Toshiba Satellite A10 Ac Adapter, the temperature will continue to rise, when the temperature exceeds the limit, the charger into the
Trickle charge state.

Storage, nickel metal hydride nickel-cadmium battery will discharge rate of C/30 to C/50 reduced to compensate for battery self-discharge due to the loss of power, top-up charge
After the trickle charger should automatically be transferred to power the process, also known as trickle charge to maintain charge. According to self-discharge characteristics of batteries, trickle charge rates are generally low.
As long as the battery connected to the charger and the charger plugged in the maintenance of state of charge, the charger to the battery charging rate will be a supplementary charge, this would
The total is in the battery fully charged state.

Used in the rapid charging detection methods to prevent over charge, the more common constant voltage control, temperature control and increase the control, or mixed in three ways.
Constant voltage control
When it detects the battery voltage rises to the set when the voltage level to stop charging.Toshiba Libretto 50CT Ac Adapter, This approach is the easiest way to know if the battery under the battery voltage characteristic rising curve, it can be sufficient to detect the voltage set to the nearest quasi-full time position, different styles of battery is fully charged when the voltage level is not the same characteristics of old and new batteries are not the same, compared with this method can not set the ideal voltage. This approach is simple but also quite dangerous, said earlier have higher temperature will reduce battery voltage to high current charging the battery temperature will increase even more, Toshiba Libretto 50CT Ac Adapter, Toshiba Libretto 70CT Ac Adapter, Toshiba Libretto U100 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Libretto U105 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Portege 2000 Ac Adapter, so there may have been fully charged battery but the voltage has not yet reached the standards set in place, and the battery is fully charged up and started the voltage is no longer decline, so too the consequences of very serious charge, if coupled with the battery charger does not have an internal short-circuit protection circuit, once the current is too dangerous consequences would be disastrous, so while charging in this way, the user must pay attention.
Temperature rise control
Sufficient battery capacity to produce oxygen saturation in the reaction of cadmium oxide cathode and heat, the battery temperature will start rising rapidly, the use of this phenomenon is detected only when the temperature reaches a certain extent, the end of charging. Under the same charge current charge level the greater the higher the temperature increase, so if the charge current is too large, the temperature of the intended battery may not yet saturated, but the current if it is too small, absorbing fast oxidation will not significantly increase the temperature, the charge movement would have been continue without end I do not know. In addition this approach will be affected by ambient temperature, the temperature of the battery can not determine their own internal heat generated by chemical or heat caused by the surrounding environment while the miscarriage of justice, so this way would be charged under high temperature lack of low-temperature environment will be charging excessive.
Control
Charging the battery voltage will increase with the increased charge capacity, Toshiba Libretto 70CT Ac Adapter, when the charge capacity reaches saturation, the voltage rises to the peak, and instead began to decline slowly. By the features of this voltage drop can be used to control the charging is terminated, until the voltage When the decline to stop charging, typically 1.2V nickel-cadmium batteries will be 20mV of its decline is almost over (the actual size of the data may refer to the battery), the charging process can be clearly observed from the meter. battery charge voltage curve was charge current and temperature, on the same charge capacity, the current increases or the lower the temperature, the voltage increases greatly, the decrease is also more obvious. current is smaller or the higher the temperature, the voltage rate of rise small, the decrease is relatively flat and not easily distinguishable. so control is more appropriate in the way of rapid charging, and the effect of temperature in order to avoid failure to detect, usually used with the temperature rise control to prevent overcharge.
Nickel-cadmium batteries, if saved by the lack of use, or have twilight, then the first few minutes before re-charging, the voltage will occur not only filling up the situation and also to drop the case and then increased, resulting in a miscarriage of justice charge termination . control is better control, characteristics of the different characteristics of the battery can still be used to fully charge the battery as compared do not have to worry about setting or temperature setting voltage control problems and damage the battery.
Many advanced microcomputer-controlled chargers are the use of such control, and the price is expensive than the charger, although the name of the name some, in fact, the control program and the charging circuit is not how well designed, and also often the case a miscarriage of justice occurred, not the battery charge to be fried eggs, that is, have not even fully charge the battery to the judge to strike has been fully charged, so good addition to increasing the temperature outside the control of the charger, the charging time according to , the size of changes in voltage and current to calculate the charge capacity, and determine whether the battery really has reached saturation.
Rapid charging of the three methods are the methods, after the end of the charge, Toshiba Libretto U100 Ac Adapter, based on the battery will self-discharge characteristics, are generally imposed on the battery for a small additional charge current to compensate for the leakage current of the battery and fast charging does not hundred percent guaranteed to be completely charged, the charge is just a small current continues to add capacity to meet the shortfall. usually about the size of additional current between the C/20 ~ C/40, generally in the use of the rapid charger to charge the battery charging mode termination After the line is runoff into the so-called slow charge mode, that is, in fact, this small current charging the battery to continue to supplement. In this mode, the tiny current was almost not let the battery produce much heat and not let the voltage significantly change, so almost all of the charger has been designed to complement the purposes of charging and will not stop automatically, while not causing the battery is still not over charge, but in order to avoid increasing the crystallization of nickel, users still have discretion to add the duration of charging .
Estimated capacity
Battery capacity estimation method are many, often out of the total are not C = IxT calculation. Battery discharge current flows through the battery size is the battery terminal voltage, is the load resistance, the discharge capacity of the battery is for, is the time . the battery voltage is with the length of discharge time decreased, and to estimate the discharge capacity of more accurate method is to use integral way, from the beginning of the discharge termination voltage until the voltage drops to play this period,Toshiba Libretto 50CT Ac Adapter, Toshiba Libretto 70CT Ac Adapter, Toshiba Libretto U100 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Libretto U105 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Portege 2000 Ac Adapter, each point in time after the voltage value converted into a current up to the time integration can be very accurate discharge capacity.
Because the battery discharge curve is not linear, and wants to obtain at each time point to calculate the change of current difficulties, it is generally estimated using the integral approximation method, the time period broken down into many small, capture each period voltage of a reference point (or the average voltage value of the time) to the voltage value as of the time, each time calculating the discharge capacity of each and then add up each time the capacity of the discharge capacity of the approximation becomes . time cutting the more accurate the more detailed, but very difficult to calculate manually, so only have the processing power of the battery charger microcomputer can do sophisticated calculations, and calculations by hand to the big time may calculate approximate values.
An easier way, but the estimation error is larger, is in the discharge of any period of time, select the appropriate number of points (including the discharge initiation and termination), the trapezoid area formula to calculate each point in time to strike After the discharge capacity between, during the entire discharge of the discharge capacity can be combined discharge capacity of the rough.
Electric Gun Barrel narrow space between subject and can only packed under the current limit is also smaller and smaller batteries, electric gun the motor to drive a heavy load such a heavy load, high current shortens the life of nickel-cadmium batteries reduced to capacity,Toshiba Libretto U105 Ac Adapter, particularly faithful like a gun to change the gun was particularly strong, stronger springs replaced the battery and the motor is too much, in such a destruction of the depletion of the battery quite serious, often less than dozens of battery charge and discharge The remaining capacity drops to less than 50%, the short range is quite large during the fall. So the calculation of trapezoidal area, to the use of electric guns be nickel-cadmium batteries can accept the estimate.
To measure voltage, current, and resistance, the most convenient and easiest tool is a voltmeter, a lot of friends in order to understand their own gun battery with a voltmeter, the situation is, usually in addition to general electrical measurements do outside when the battery charge and discharge used to assist the charger voltage and current of the changes observed in order to keep abreast of the process to determine the optimal conditions. usually the value estimated by only a rough value, will be slightly more than the theoretical capacity is also less, but as a measurement of battery life reference is already more than sufficient.
Memory effect
Nickel-cadmium batteries to be fully discharged if the discharge time, but rather to a specific depth of discharge to discharge repeatedly charged, then the repeated charge and discharge a few times, because each has a residual capacity of the battery, so there will be memory in the battery The value of this discharge termination voltage of the memory to live, when the battery is no longer just as the depth of discharge to discharge, the voltage was gradually decreased by more than living memory voltage, the battery voltage to a sudden collapse of the rapid decline of great potential bit, then went slowly down, a phenomenon known as memory effect.
Memory effect is generated by repeatedly charging and discharging, in the practical application of this repeated charge and discharge in a particular case of discharging a lot of depth, such as cameras, cell phones, razor and so on. Memory effect does not affect the battery capacity, but the constant voltage collapse features Quedui great impact on the load, the load is often not accepted by the Xingtong lack of electricity, can not continue to drive the load. thus creating a memory effect after a while there is still considerable capacity, but it can be used to reduce the capacity of many .
Memory phenomenon in high ambient temperatures would be more obvious, Toshiba Portege 2000 Ac Adapter, the use of a lower charge current (C/15 or less) will have memories when the phenomenon, so pay special attention when using the operating temperature, and do not use too small a current to charge. Memory effect after the formation, to eliminate the impact of memory effect, you must do one or two times the battery fully charge and discharge to C/10 ~ C / 2 charge current, C / 2 ~ 1C discharge current for, you can more effective to eliminate memory effect. do a full discharge, the rated voltage of 1.2V down to the manufacturer's suggested battery as long as the discharge termination voltage,Toshiba Libretto 50CT Ac Adapter, Toshiba Libretto 70CT Ac Adapter, Toshiba Libretto U100 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Libretto U105 Ac Adapter, Toshiba Portege 2000 Ac Adapter, that is not the residual capacity of about 0.95V, but do not over discharge the battery to avoid damage.
Cadmium crystal
Nickel-cadmium battery, it will grow out of the cathode dendritic crystals of cadmium, especially long-term overcharge or charge a small current is more easy to generate long-term, the crystals will make the activation of the electrode surface area reduction and reduce capacity. Nickel When the battery is fully discharged cell for dissolved cadmium crystals disappear, but very few applications in the general discharge fully discharged, the battery is still residual capacity, repeated charge and discharge the growing crystals will make the base by extension, the end can be isolated through the plate between two poles and hit the anode, resulting in a large number of short circuit between the poles of leakage. So like to eliminate the phenomenon of cadmium elimination of crystal-like memory effect, after each charge and discharge times for a complete discharge to release the residual capacity.

Many laptop users may have encountered such a problem: laptop can not use the power adapter, the battery can only rely on the work of the machine. Although most of the failures caused by power adapter damage, but damage to the notebook motherboard is one of the reasons. But the replacement of the motherboard is not only costly, and very troublesome. If you take it, then repair is often necessary for maintenance of a few hundred dollars. In fact, Toshiba PA3432E-1ACA Ac Adapter, we just have some simple knowledge of electronic technology, can solve the problem yourself. Here, the author of two instances of failure to teach you how to repair laptops.

Fault A: a NEC VA23D notebook, when an external power adapter, laptop on the battery indicator shows the status of the machine work, you need to plug the power cord several times, it may be back to normal. This failure was more serious, and finally plug the power cord, no matter how the notebook can not use the power adapter. When the battery is depleted, the boot and no respond.
Analysis to solve: the laptop battery will work under the basic laptop itself can be determined without much of a problem, so the focus of the first checks on the power adapter. Plug the power cord several times due to the need to make laptop work properly, suspect the power adapter port or power lines are bad situation. Then test the output voltage with a multimeter, and a hand twisted cord, but the meter indicates the output voltage is always normal, it seems that the power adapter is no problem.
Problem or in a notebook, carefully disassemble the notebook, carefully observe the components near the power connector and found that there is a resistance in the interface there Weld phenomenon. According to circuit analysis, this resistance is an insurance resistance,Toshiba PA3432E-1ACA Ac Adapter, Toshiba PA3432U-1AC3 Ac Adapter, Toshiba PA3432U-1ACA Ac Adapter, Toshiba PA3467U Ac Adapter, power adapter output current through the resistor to the supply board. Because of this resistance appears Weld, and plug the power head will shake occasionally connected Weld Department, so the motherboard get power adapter supply current. But Weld increase the production of the contact resistance, leading to fever increased, but the heat and add the Weld phenomenon, so a vicious cycle, eventually leading to solder joint completely off, which caused the failure. After the spot welding (Figure 1), notebook finally back to normal.

Second failure: a Twinhead A1000 laptop, the first wife is not with the power adapter, Toshiba PA3432U-1AC3 Ac Adapter, another model will borrow Twinhead notebook adapter, but connected to the adapter, the laptop display is still working in the battery condition. Then back into the power adapter first wife, can still only work in the laptop battery status, can not use the power adapter.
Analysis to solve: the laptop battery status still work, it was suspected that the failure was near the laptop power supply interface circuit damage caused. The power adapter back into the laptop interface to the interface found in some of the moment into a blue spark, and you can hear a slight "pop" sound. Thus concluded that the laptop power supply interface, the phenomenon of near short circuit, causing the power adapter into the over-current protection status. Open the notebook, power connector with a multimeter testing resistance at both ends, showing zero, and indeed there is short circuit.
Closer look at the components near the power connector, and no obvious burning phenomenon. Trends through the interface of the copper found in the vicinity of a power interface components, connect the power terminal and ground. According to circuit analysis, this should be an over-voltage protection resistor (varistor), in the normal state, its resistance is infinite, and when the input voltage exceeds its rated voltage, resistance will be short, to avoid excessive voltage damage to the notebook other components. The varistor short-circuit, will make the notebook power adapter into the protection of the state, to avoid the failure of the expansion. Then remove the resistor, then found the resistance put on the same size, reboot, laptop back to normal.

Postscript
As part of the laptop interface to work in high-current environment, so the interface part of the more powerful heating element, and after heating elements likely to cause swelling. The computer is turned off, the expansion of the components shrink. Thus, in the long-term repeated expansion and contraction, the components of the solder joint stress and vulnerable to frequent breakdown, resulting in Weld phenomenon, so that the output current of the power adapter into the laptop's motherboard can not be normal, so that the notebook does not work properly power adapter. This leads to the occurrence of a fault. The use of a variety of notebook computer power adapter output voltage is different,Toshiba PA3432U-1ACA Ac Adapter, so that when using a different power adapter or the external voltage instability and power adapter output voltage caused by the fault instability, may leading notebook protection circuit on the motherboard is damaged, the power adapter output voltage can not enter the notebook, resulting in notebook power adapter can not be used.

Here to talk about why the first wife of the power supply is usually better than non-first wife. I want to say first wife's power theory is relatively better, in fact, may not feel different. Allowable load is usually a safe range of input voltage, such as the nominal value plus or minus 5%, an example is a lot of 2.5-5v input requirement is plus or minus 5%. Notebook, too, if the input voltage is too large or too small will result in protection circuit action, in order to stop work. But the action in the protection of the circuit before the books have been biased internal regulator circuit working upper or lower limit, in principle, have an impact on device lifetime, but according to today's point of view, the reliability of electronic components has been quite good, as long as the design range, rarely a problem, life will not be short life than books, so this is not the main problem. More important issue may be the books of the data security, a sudden stop working for the automatic protection of the computer is a terrible thing, especially a lot of friends without the battery. Sometimes a reboot the computer somehow and relevant. For the first wife of the power supply, the manufacturers know what kind of access is a load, so you can easily calculate the nominal power supply voltage and nominal current, the nominal voltage power supply should meet the following two conditions,Toshiba PA3432E-1ACA Ac Adapter, Toshiba PA3432U-1AC3 Ac Adapter, Toshiba PA3432U-1ACA Ac Adapter, Toshiba PA3467U Ac Adapter, first when the nominal maximum current output voltage minus the power supply itself should be larger than the load required voltage drop of 95%, the second is the smallest when the current output voltage minus the power supply itself, the design should be less than the required load voltage drop of 105 %. However, if the adapter using a non-original equipment, such as general purpose transformers and the like, the problem can not be seriously considered, this is from the electrical parameters of the user can only think of ways to be compatible as far as possible, but the resistance is different for each adapter , the nominal voltage of the allowable error may be different, under the nominal current output voltage range of the definition may be different, and even output ripple factor is not small enough not necessarily, if not carefully measured the output power with the relationship between the output voltage, in principle, there is a certain risk, but this risk is small, because if you choose to supply enough current nominal resistance does not appear the problem is too large, the ripple coefficient can also be stable within books pressure to reduce,Toshiba PA3467U Ac Adapter, so I said, first wife of the power supply is usually better than non-first wife. This is the first wife and the general power supply difference.

La winded wordy above a lot of talk, thinking is not very clear, in some places may not take into account, if you have any questions, please correct me.